Tuesday, December 31, 2019

History of Video Games Essay - 2103 Words

Did you know that Pong; the first game made by Atari, wasn’t originally meant to be released to the public? A new Atari employee was given the assignment of making it simply as a test of his game design skills. Since Pong became a hit, video games have been a large part of the entertainment business. They have found their way into homes all over the world. â€Å"You can’t say that video games grew out of pinball, but you can assume that video games wouldn’t have happened without it. It’s like bicycles and cars. One industry leads to the other and then they exist side by side. But you had to have bicycles to one day have motor cars† (Steven Baxter). In 1931 David Gottlieb invented the first pinball machine. Gottlieb was a short, stocky†¦show more content†¦It came in the form of a ball on a pedestal; from which came the name â€Å"Stool Pigeon.† If the ball fell off, that was the end of the game. It allowed the cabinet to move only within a reasonable boundary. The pedestal was later replaced by a pendulum. The tilt mechanism has been present in all pinball machines since. In 1933 Williams designed the first electric pinball machine. It was called â€Å"Contact.† It utilized electrified scoring pockets called â€Å"Contact Holes.† They knocked the ball back into play which allowed scoring to continue. One of the most significant innovations in the history of pinball is arguably the flipper bat, invented by Harry Mabs. For a while pinball was considered gambling because it had payouts. The flipper bat redeemed pinball because the flipper made it a game of skill. The invention of the flipper was so significant that in France pinball is simply referred to as â€Å"Le Flipper.† The first video game was created by a man named Steve Rusell. He was short, wore glasses, and had curly hair. He made the game in 1962. It took him six months. His game was called â€Å"Spacewar.† It was a simple duel between spaceships. The controls were toggle switches. It was a two player game because the computers at that time were too slow to have artificial intelligence, which would’ve allowed the computer to act as a second player. In a later version of the game there was a background of stars. There was also a hyperspace button; a button which madeShow MoreRelatedHistory of Video Games740 Words   |  3 PagesVideo games have shaped the world your years. Video games have defined us and made us through technology. Some would say they can’t live without video games while others say they would die if they played them. Video games also start franchises, wars, friendships, relationships, and inspiration for those who might one day become a game designer them self. Aside from the gamers and designers, the video game itself is a whole other story. Video games are now-a-days played on consoles and PCs made fromRead MoreThe History Of Video Games1529 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Video Games Some people may not know this, but there was a time when video games were not around. Like a lot of things in the world that are distinctly human, video games were made out of a combination of innovation, necessity, and curiosity. The early video game creators would be making something that would seem clunky, and somewhat crude at first. But that would completely change in time by the innovators, and entrepreneurs to something that would some day be consider an art formRead MoreThe History Of Video Games1922 Words   |  8 PagesWallace English 12, 3rd 5 February 2015 The History of Video Games So, I’m going to change things a bit. Instead of just talking about dates and numbers, which can be boring; I’m going to give this a little casual twist. So, in order to start the history let’s get a few facts out of the way. Let’s talk about gamers, mainly because I’ll be using the term a lot; gamers are people who spent a lot of time playing videogames. The Average gamer playing video games has spent twelve years playing them. AdultRead MoreThe History Of Video Games1797 Words   |  8 PagesHistory of video games. Have you ever played a video game and wonder? How does this thing work? Who invented it? Well you in luck because I have all the information that you need to tell you about the history of video games. How video games have advance right along with technology that we use in everyday life. If you ask people. When video games did first came out? Most people would say in the 1970 s and they would be wrong. In 1958, William A. Higinbotham, an engineer working for the United StatesRead MoreHistory of Video Games823 Words   |  4 Pagesargument of whether video games are good or bad for society is a clear example. Opponents believe they are a bad contribution to society while proponents believe they are a necessary and supportive addition to society. William Higinbotham, who in 1958 created a game called Tennis for TwoÂ… (The Beginning), is the one credited for the invention of the video game. At this stage in time, this new innovation did not spark much interest with the public. Computer and video games themselves did notRead More The History of Video Games Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesThe History of Video Games 1972, the year the first home video game system, named Odyssey, is released by Magnavox. This main games featured on this system were a light gun game and a tennis game. During the same time, a game by the name of Pong is a success in the public. It is because people wanted to play Pong in the comfort of their own homes, that they bought Odyssey. The system only sold around 100,000 units since Magnavox only sold the game system from theirRead MoreEssay The history of video games987 Words   |  4 Pagesbeginning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The first real â€Å"video game† was made in 1958, by a physicist named William Higginbotham. It is a table tennis like game and is played on an oscilloscope, a device used for visual displays. While some big name games, company’s, and events have yet to happen, this is what sparked the video game interest. These paragraphs will guide you through the many years of games. Lets‘a go!! Early years (1961—1972) Things start off when the first interactive computer game---- SpaceWars (made in 1961)Read MoreHistory Of Home Video Game1511 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Home Video Game Consoles The video game industry has gone through some interesting developments over the past fifty years. Video games are as much of a pass time as watching network television, or going to see a movie. The initial motivation for video game production was to bring interested consumers to the computer market and has evolved into many forms and designs to give the end user an artificial experience of playing table tennis with a friend, or an imaginary friend. This paperRead More History Of Video Games Essay801 Words   |  4 Pagesargument of whether video games are good or bad for society is a clear example. Opponents believe they are a bad contribution to society while proponents believe they are a necessary and supportive addition to society. William Higinbotham, who in 1958 created a game called Tennis for TwoÂ… (The Beginning), is the one credited for the invention of the video game. At this stage in time, this new innovation did not spark much interest with the public. Computer and video games themselves did notRead MoreHistory of Video Games Essay examples1266 Words   |  6 PagesVideo games have progressed immensely in price and technology over the past thirty years making them more popular then ever. Video games were originally for arcades, then came the first home console. The graphics have changed a lot since the first console game. Games colors were originally just black and white now they have more colors then you can think of. Not all businesses made it through competition of other businesses. In the seventies video games were fairly new. Some companies were

Monday, December 23, 2019

Comm 331 - 1707 Words

TYLER COBB There are so many different stereotypes of black women, both positive and negative. The media plays a role in how black women are seen in society. A stereotype is a commonly held public belief about or types of individuals. The concepts of stereotype and prejudice are often confused with many other different meanings. Stereotypes can be about different age, racial or ethnic groups based on some prior assumptions. (J.F. Healey, Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Class pp33-35). The stereotypes seen in the media influence the thoughts and viewpoints of how people see not only all black women, but individuals as well. According to pop culture and some stereotypes, a black woman has a big butt, an attitude, is loud, unfriendly and a†¦show more content†¦This has the potential to hurt the confidence of black young women knowing that they are more or less unwanted. Although black girls and women make up their own stereotypes about white women mainly in relation to why they are stealing à ¢â‚¬Å"their men†. Black men who choose to only date white women usually choose to do so because they are what they refer to as â€Å"drama free†. Now this may not be for all white women just as not all black women have drama. This is yet another stereotype that black men believe along with other members of societies of different ethnicities. The media plays a very big role in how black women are viewed. More specifically, reality television. In recent past years reality TV has become very popular. On common reality shows that involve women, there is usually a group of beautiful girls but out of that group there are maybe one or two black women. Usually the black girl is loud, obnoxious, the cause of the drama and conflict of the show which viewers find entertaining. Anyone with access to a television doesn’t even have to make up stereotypes because it can be seen on TV and then applied to all. Shows like â€Å"Real Housewives of Atlanta† black women are seen as gold diggers, materialistic and sometimes even greedy. Shows such as BET’s â€Å"Tiny amp; Toya† and â€Å"Frankie amp; Neffe† show drama with drug addicted mothers and other everyday drama with having aShow MoreRelatedCOMM 3312269 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿1.0 Introduction According to Reverso (2003), theoretical principles refer to the study based on the ideas and beliefs related to a particular matter that rarely applied. Value and identity, and theoretical issues and are instances of the theoretical principles which the society and corporations should consider as the key to success. These theories will be illustrated and applied to Bittman’s article, â€Å"Good government puts people over business (2015). 2.0 Key Issues in the Article As stated byRead More The Evolving Roles of Women in the Economies of Greece and Italy2002 Words   |  9 Pagesone inspiring tale of one woman disguising herself as a man to be an obstetrician, their role in the economy was still little to none. Hellenistic Age: The major turn for women?s roles in Greece finally came with Alexander?s conquests of 331 BC, which led to large-scale political and social upheaval.? Greeks from the mainland migrated to Egypt and Asia and had to conform to new governmental classes.? In the new cities, some conventions were held, but the Egyptians weren?t used to goingRead MoreEvaluation and Structure of Commercial Banks in India2383 Words   |  10 Pages|784 |424 |66 |5.54 | |Sangli Bank |1948 |192 |85 |1985 |812 |137 |4.30 | |SBI Comm. Intl. Bank |1993 |3 |88 |331 |231 |26 |7.65 | |South Indian Bank |1929 |438 |456 |8492 |5365 |709 |3.81 | |TamilnadRead MoreDetecting And Resolving Privacy Conflicts2939 Words   |  12 Pages Carminati, E. Ferrari, and A. Perego, â€Å"Rule-Based Access Control for Social Networks,† Proc. Int’l Conf. On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems, pp. 1734-1744, 2006. [7] M. Harrison, W. Ruzzo, and J. Ullman, â€Å"Protection in Operating Systems,† Comm. ACM, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 461-471, 1976. [8] B. Carminati, E. Ferrari, and A. Perego, â€Å"Enforcing Access Control in Web-Based Social Networks,† ACM Trans. Information and System Security, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1-38, 2009. [9] P. Fong, â€Å"Relationship-BasedRead MoreGeneral Motors Case Study7702 Words   |  31 PagesTerm Investments | 141 | 134 | 5,555 | 16,148 | | | Cash and Short Term Inv | 14,194 | 22,813 | 26,616 | 31,647 | | | Trade Accts Recvble, Gross | 8,340 | 7,768 | 8,951 | 10,280 | | | Prov. for Doubtful Accts | (422) | (250) | (252) | (331) | | | Total Receivables, Net | 7,918 | 7,518 | 8,699 | 9,949 | | | Invent. - Finished Goods | 9,579 | 5,906 | 6,638 | 7,838 | | | Invent. - Raw Materials | 4,849 | 4,201 | 5,487 | 6,486 | | | Inventories - Other | (1,233) | n.a. | nRead MoreConvergys Case10226 Words   |  41 Pages0.4455 | 214 | 0.5999 | 48 | DISQUALIFIED | American Manufacturers Mutual | C | Insurance | 0.5272 | 98 | 0.8150 | 20 | 0.5992 | 49 | 40 | Mid Atlantic Medical Services | C | Insurance | 0.5932 | 71 | 0.6147 | 111 | 0.5986 | 50 | 41 | Dobson Comms Corp | C | Communications | 0.6527 | 34 | 0.4318 | 224 | 0.5975 | 51 | DISQUALIFIED | American General Life | C | Insurance | 0.6531 | 32 | 0.3981 | 244 | 0.5894 | 52 | DISQUALIFIED | Paul Revere Life Insurance Co | C | Insurance | 0.5728 | 79Read MoreEssay on Research on Dell5612 Words   |  23 Pages13 7824 6321 6427 6403 6916 49 16777 11206 10 102441 RD Per Revenue 13 1.38% 1.06% 1.17% 1.09% 1.00% 8 1.53% 1.41% 10 2.83% Quick Ratio 32 1.12 1.26 1.03 1.05 0.85 -7 1.02 1.10 Return on Equity -41 41.86% 39.31% 28.91% 61.19% 71.29% 85 22.55 12.16 331 -41.43% No of NPE Lawsuit 137 19 36 23 28 8 44 19 Net Profit Margin 17 5.63% 4.29% 2.71% 4.06% 4.82% 11 1.6 .97 289 -10.51% Note: Compare in Dell between 2008 to 2012; In Lenovo Between 2011 to 2012 In HP Between 2011 to 2012 2011 126796 1404 90 34960Read MoreThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 PagesAC/DC, had died as a result of alcohol abuse). In Nevada, on December 23, 1985, 18-year old Raymond Belknap and his friend James Vance listened to the album Stained Class by the British band Judas Priest (Block 1990:778, 788-789; Houser 1990:327-331). They had been listening to the album for over six hours while smoking marijuana and drinking beer. Afterwards, the two men went to a children’s play area near an empty churchyard. Raymond Belknap put a sawed-off shotgun beneath his chin and shot himselfRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesFILLER PICTURE X(10). 05 SALES–OUT PICTURE $$$,$$$,$$$.99. 05 FILLER PICTURE X(10). 05 COMMISSION PICTURE $$$$,$$$.99. 05 FILLER PICTURE X(47). 77 TEMP–COMMISSION PICTURE 9(6)V99. 77 TOTAL–COMMISSIONS PICTURE 9(10)V99 VALUE 0. 77 TOTAL–COMM–EDITED PICTURE $$,$$$,$$$,$$$.99. 01 MORE–DATA PICTURE X VALUE ‘Y’. 88 THERE–IS–MORE–DATA VALUE ‘Y’. 88 THERE–IS–NO–MORE–DATA VALUE ‘N’. FIGURE 2.11 COBOL Program 45 46 Part I †¢ Information Technology 1 8 12 PROCEDURE

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Different Sources of Energy Free Essays

The U. S is the world largest energy consumer. It relies on non-renewable resources for the provision of energy ranging from petroleum, coal and natural gas. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Sources of Energy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Modernization and industrialization has resulted to increased energy demand. Energy is required in important sectors like the transportation, industry as well as in the commercial sector. Industries like refineries and chemical production, in the production and processes of their products. Energy is consumed as vehicles, trains, ship and air transport people or goods from one place to another. Houses use energy to heat houses, water, lighting and other electronic appliances. Institutions and business also need energy to accomplish their day-to-day activities. The U. S oil consumption rates are increasing at a high rate that may catch up with the economic growth. U. S consumes 20. 7 million barrels or 869 million gallons daily, 25% total world consumption despite it forming 5% of the world’s population . The consumption level is subject to rise with increased industrialization. The over reliance in non-renewable resources will have adverse effects to the environment, political and economic aspects. The non-renewable resources result to high pollution rates. Over exploitation of the resources may result to exhaustion or depletion of the resources. Nuclear energy produces dangerous radioactive waste materials that can affect human beings’ health. Over reliance on oil affects the economy when the oil prices keep fluctuating. Since non-renewable resources can get exhausted scarcity may prevail leading to increased oil prices and inflation levels will be on the rise. A 5-10 Year Plan for Renewable Energy in America. There is urgent need for America to adopt renewable resources that will have reduced impact on the environment while providing a lasting solution to distortions caused by oil dependence. The oil rich countries can interrupt the U. S economy through the price fluctuations. (Micheal 7) The U. S should first put in place laws that will meet not only the short-term energy demands but also ensure that the long-term demands are not jeopardized. Renewable energy will ensure sustainable development. This is because it is reduces the health as well as environment risks. Renewable energy includes energy from the wind, solar and water, which can replace oil and fossil fuels. These forms of energy will reduce the over dependence on oil especially from foreign countries that make it volatile. US should diversify the sources of energy. (Eckhart 8). Encourage industries to adapt sustainable development strategies so that they do not cause health hazards to future generations. They should be environment friendly and high taxes can be imposed to those negating this strategy. The government can increase its investment on its cities so that wastage of energy is reduced. Transportation sector can be improved as an effort to conserve energy. The strategy can be faced with political challenges whereby by lack of political will by leaders will hinder the effective implementation of the project. The congress has to approve the proposal to be successful. The government should be committed in installing solar electric, geothermal and wind power in its public institutions. Creating awareness will be a positive move in ensuring that people understand the importance of renewable sources of energy as well as the adverse implications of non-renewable sources. This move will ensure that residential energy consumption trends are changed and people adopt renewable sources of energy. For instance encouraging people to use solar electricity to heat water and warm their houses. Renewable sources of energy will reduce the greenhouse gases production and consequently global warming will be reduced. (www. epa. gov). The government will need to commit a 300 billion dollar for 10 years to support this project. It can invest in modernizing the homes of low-income earners so that they adapt energy efficient measures. This approach will help in reducing wastage of energy from the residential sector. The transportation sector currently accounts for 68% of US oil consumption. Replacing the energy wastage measures by adopting renewable and environment friendly resources will help save America. The government can spend 15 $ billion to help automakers phase out the fuel inefficient vehicles. Scientists have shown that man has been very influential in causing global warming. Global warming affects the climate and has adverse effects on man. 20% of green house gases are from vehicles. The transport sector can use electricity from renewable sources. (Houghton 155). Since less than 2% of electricity is from oil it can be used on transportation. Research shows that 30% can be implemented on transport without extra installation. Introduction of sport utility vehicles and light trucks will help improve on fuel efficiency. Government must take its role in ensuring that buildings constructed are energy efficient. It must also ensure that technical training is provided to relevant bodies to save energy. Adopting the renewable energy resources will be of economic benefits. U. S spends approximately 1. 4 billion $ daily on foreign oil, money that can be saved if renewable sources of energy are sought. Dissemination of information about the adverse effects of non renewable sources of energy for instance global warming will see people change their energy consumption patterns. Alternative methods of transportation can be opted to reduce the traffic jams that that lead to high wastage levels of energy. Imposing high taxes on polluters will encourage industries to adapt environmental friendly techniques. Increased investment in research will help America establish potential renewable resources that can be exploited match its energy demands. Intensified research will provide accurate information needed in implementation of this project. Research will identify viable resources thus reducing unnecessary costs. The government also needs to invest in training for manufacturing industries so that they adapt energy conservation strategies. The government will need to allocate more money to support ethanol refineries. Ethanol from corn is environmental friendly and should be encouraged to reduce the adverse effects brought about by over dependence on oil. Renewable energy will help America maintain its national security and its influence and options in the world will not be affected. Oil rich countries tend to be prone to constant conflicts and are undemocratic. How to cite Different Sources of Energy, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Treble Chorus of New England free essay sample

I distinctly remember when I decided to join the Treble Chorus of New England. My mom had mentioned it to me several times before in passing, but I never thought I would actually join. Something inside of me clicked, however, on a September day in 2004. I was in the car outside Dunkin Donuts with my mother when a woman whose daughter was in the chorus started talking to us. That woman suggested I join, and for some reason I still don’t know, I was inspired to and told my mother that on the drive home. The days leading up to my audition for the Treble Chorus I was very anxious. My worst fear was singing in front of someone I didn’t know, and then being rejected admission and embarrassed. I had many, many doubts about auditioning, but I knew I couldn’t back down. I was shaking when I first starting singing for the director of the choir, but I managed to get through the song. We will write a custom essay sample on Treble Chorus of New England or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To my surprise, I was accepted at their intermediate level. Immediately, my confidence soared. The first rehearsal was difficult because I was very much out of my comfort zone. I didn’t know anybody in the group, and I was very shy. My first year in the Treble Chorus was very trying. I didn’t talk to anyone, but I enjoyed performing. I didn’t think my voice was anywhere near up to the level of my fellow members, but I still decided to audition to be a part of the chorus for the next year. Eighth grade was a tough year in school, but I finally came into my own with the Treble Chorus. A girl from my school joined, and I started talking to the other kids in the group. I discovered that unlike the people in school, these kids weren’t snippy or judgmental. That eighth grade year was a huge growth year for me. I found out that I could have real friends, not fake friends, and the kids from Treble Chorus proved that to me. I also was able to be proud of an activi ty I did after school. Prior to joining the chorus, my only other outside of school activity was soccer. I enjoyed it, but being on the lowest level team when everyone around you is in the highest isn’t something to brag about. I was able to tell my classmates about how I sang at Symphony Hall in Boston, and that I was on TV in China as part of a New Year celebration. I believe that being a part of the Treble Chorus of New England helped me immensely for the transition into high school. That summer, I learned that I had been accepted into the advanced choir, the highest level in the group, Schola. I was still a very shy girl, and not a fan of change. Although I didn’t know how my freshman year was going to go or how I was going to make friends, TCNE remained constant. It was the one extracurricular for me that carried from middle school into high school. In high school, I have become a leader and a risk taker, and I absolutely credit that to my experience with the Tr eble Chorus of New England. I have become a much more social person, and although I still have shy sides to my personality, I am able to overcome them. Truly I have blossomed. I have led retreats, and I was recently elected to the office of Vice-President of my high school’s Theatre Guild. I never would have had the confidence to leave my comfort zone and go on my first retreat or audition for my first high school show without the Treble Chorus. Although my confidence has grown exponentially, it is still growing. Sometimes I still feel like I can’t sing as well as my fellow members, and it was only this past year when I first auditioned for a solo in the winter. I didn’t get it, but I didn’t give up like I would have a few short years ago. I auditioned for another one in the spring and got it. I had butterflies in my stomach during the performance, but I was confident that I could sing it and it would go successfully. When I first auditioned for the choru s and got in, that was the first true success I felt in life. I was proud of myself for one of the first times. The risk of trying out was the best thing I have ever done in life, and it has opened up so many doors, in the area of performing arts and in the rest of my life.

Friday, November 29, 2019

Movie Reviewed Phenomenon Essays - English-language Films, Films

movie reviewed: phenomenon approach adopted: humanist/ slightly auteurist John Travolta. Those two words used to send millions of women (and men) all around the world into a dancing frenzy back in the seventies. He could claim credit for the modern equivalent of the estrogen brigades (for the net crazy "X-philes") of Fox Mudler and Assistant Director Skinner. But nowadays, equipped with a paunch and that same disarming smile, he is proving himself to be more than a passing fever. Together with the great cast of this latest offering from the Disney studios, Travolta lifts "Phenomenon" (tele-kinetically, no less) above the mass of mediocre summer releases. For doubting thomases who thought his brilliant gun-slinging portrayal in "Pulp Fiction" was just "luck of the draw", his portrayal of a simpleton with nothing but heart should re-categorise Travolta from "comeback kid" to "talented actor"; he did not allow "Phenomenon" to degenerate into "Forrest Gump Part 2". The similarities are obvious: a nice, simple fellow earns the favour of Lady Luck and does extraordinary things. Yet, that's all there is. "Phenomenon" packs a higher reality-density than "Gump". Countless scenes in "Gump" had me trying to pull wool over my eyes just to stop myself from laughing at the sheer ludicrousness. Despite the fact that going to the movies is about the suspension of disbelief, it should never be equated with treating the audiences as hoards after hoards of idiots. George Malley (Travolta), on the other hand, comes across very naturally (and believably) as a small town simpleton who doesn't know what to make of his very strange birthday "present". One flash of light and he flips through calculus books in a flash. It's not heavenly intervention, but unleashing the possibility of what the mind is truly capable of. Yet, George quickly learns that he isn't capable of something: affecting what other people think. Small-town insecurities and parochialism soon turn once friends into dumber-than-simpleton fools; with the exception of three very well casted characters. Kyra Sedgwick plays Lace, George's love interest. The agony of having gone through the loss of her perfect family show through her smiles. Despite being intent on keeping George at arms' length, head-strong Lace falls in love with George, with no small help from her two precocious kids. Gerard Dipego's choice of the two kids as parallels and inversions of the adults' relationship is simply brilliant. It is the little girl who extends herself to George when Lace plays the silent, "I want to keep my life simple" girl. Lace's little boy, however, displays a careful attitude towards George. Both kids externalise, through inversion, the tension between George and Lace. It is an extremely in-your-face thematic twist that utilises brilliant irony; made more awe-inspiring for the fact that it doesn't degenerate into black humour. Forest Whitaker plays Nathan Pope, George's frequency band/ FM/ AM-dabbling friend. Last seen behind the cameras as the director of "Waiting To Exhale", Whitaker's small but important role lets us in on the tiny world of the small town person. One hobby, one obsession is all their little brains can take. Constantly chanting Supreme's hits (which I unabashedly sang along to), he displays a fear of change and of learning new things. Despite these "shortcomings", his innate far-sightedness extends beyond the narrow-minded and cloistered Northern Californian townsfolk psyche. His unflinching friendship to George is sufficient testimony to it. And then there is Robert Duvall as Doc. His recognition of his own feelings and his courage in expressing them carves yet another facet into this movie about the human spirit. Though the emphasis on George did marginalise Duvall's character and waste his talent somewhat, the incredible resonance in his little speech justified the inclusion of Doc. Both Nate and Doc shares the same operative sentiment in "Phenomenon" : George did not change. How ironic then, that the theme song by Eric Clapton and Babyface is titled "Change The World". It is another skillful play at the plot and its characters. The chorus goes : "If I could change the world/ I would be the sunlight in your universe/ You would think my love was really something good/ Baby, if I could change the world." In a rather subtle and implicit way, George did change the world. But the "George", the core of his own human identity, never changed. Yet the George that Lace fell in love with wasn't the George that changed the world, but "George" whose love was really something good. The rest of the movie soundtrack is also worth a listen, especially Aaron Neville's rendition of the Van Morrison classic "Crazy Love".

Monday, November 25, 2019

Daniel Harold Rolling, the Gainesville Ripper

Daniel Harold Rolling, the Gainesville Ripper Daniel Harold Rolling, also known as the Gainesville Ripper, murdered five University of Florida students in the summer of 1990. The killings terrified residents of the otherwise sleepy Southern college town and became front-page news for days on end.  After being apprehended, Rolling would be linked to three more deaths in Louisiana and would remain a figure of media curiosity until he was executed in 2006. Early Life Rolling was born on May 26, 1954, in Shreveport, La., to James and Claudia Rolling. It was an unhappy home life, Rolling would later say. His father, a Shreveport police officer, abused him from an early age, both verbally and physically. As a teen, Rolling was a poor student and worked only sporadically. He was also arrested several times for burglary. Apart from these details, little is known of Rollings early life before the murders. One incident, however, stands out. During a heated argument with his father in May of 1990, Rolling brandished a gun and shot the older man. Rolling fled. His father lost an eye and an ear but survived. Death in Gainesville The first murder took place on Aug. 24, 1990. Rolling broke into the apartment of college students Sonja Larson, 18, and  Christina Powell, 17. Both girls were asleep. He attacked Sonja first, who was asleep in her upstairs bedroom. First, he stabbed her chest, then taped her mouth, then as she struggled for her life, he stabbed her to death. He then went back downstairs and taped Christinas mouth and bound her wrists behind her back. He then cut off her clothing, raped her and stabbed her multiple times in the back, causing her death. Deciding that he wanted to leave some kind signature, he then mutilated the bodies and posed them in sexually suggestive positions and left. The next night Rolling broke into the apartment of Christa Hoyt, 18, but she was not at home. He decided to wait for her and made himself at home. When she arrived mid-morning, he crept up behind her, startling her, then attacked her, placing her in a choke-hold. After that, he taped her mouth, bound her wrists and forced her into her bedroom, where he removed her clothing, raped her, then stabbed her in the back multiple times causing her death. Then, as a way to make the scene more horrific, he sliced open her body, cut off her head and removed her nipples. When authorities arrived, they found Christas head on a bookshelf, her torso bent at the waist, on the bed and the nipples placed next to the torso. On Aug. 27, Rolling broke into the apartment of Tracy Paules and Manny Taboada, both 23. Powerfully built, Taboada was asleep in his bedroom when Rolling attacked and killed him. Hearing a struggle, Paules hurried to her roommates room. Seeing Rolling, she bolted back to her room, but he pursued her. Like his other victims, Rolling bound Paules, removed her clothing, raped her, then stabbed her in the back multiple times. Sometime later, the apartment complexs maintenance man showed up for an appointment. When no one answered at Paules and Taboadas unit, he let himself in. The sight that greeted him was so horrible that he turned and left immediately, then rushed to call the police. He later described to the police that he saw Tracys bloodied body on a towel in the hallway, with a black bag placed near the body. When police arrived five minutes later, the door was found unlocked and the bag was gone. The news media was quick to cover the murders, dubbing the killer The Gainesville Ripper. It was the beginning of the semester and thousands of students left Gainseville out fear. By Sept. 7, when Rolling was arrested in nearby Ocala on an unrelated supermarket robbery charge, the Ripper was on the front page of every newspaper. Rollings whereabouts between the time of the last murders and his arrest are only partially known. During a subsequent search of a wooded Gainesville encampment where Rolling had been living, police found evidence tying him to a recent bank robbery. They also found evidence that later would be linked to the Gainesville killings.   TheWrong Suspect The investigation into murders of the five college students led to one of seven main suspects. Edward Humphrey was 18 years old and diagnosed with bipolar disorder. During the same time that the students were murdered, Humphrey was suffering from a bipolar flareup after skipping his medication which resulted in aggressive behavior and violent outbursts. Humphrey had been living in the same apartment complex as Tracy and Manny, but he was asked to leave by the apartment manager after fighting with his roommates. He also harassed people living in the apartment complex across the street. Other similar incidents of Humphreys combative nature surfaced and investigators decided to put a surveillance team on him. On Oct. 30, 1990, he had an argument with his grandmother that grew into a physical altercation with him striking her one time. This was a gift to the police. They arrested Humphrey and had his  bail set at $1 million, even though his grandmother had dropped all charges the same day and it was his first offense. At trial, Humphrey was found guilty of assault and was sentenced to 22 months in Chattahoochee State Hospital, where he would remain until Sept. 18, 1991, when he was released. There was never any evidence found that Humphrey had anything to do with the murder. The investigation was back to square one. Confession, Trial, and Execution Rolling stood trial in early 1991 for the Ocala robbery and was convicted. He was later convicted of three burglaries committed in Tampa shortly after the Gainesville killings had occurred. Facing life in prison, Rolling confessed to the string of murders, later corroborated by DNA evidence. In June of 1992, he was officially charged.   While awaiting trial, Rolling began exhibiting odd behavior that would eventually lead to a diagnosis of mental illness. Using a fellow inmate as an intermediary, Rolling told authorities that he had multiple personalities, which he blamed for the Gainesville killings. Rolling also alluded to the unsolved 1989 murders in Shreveport of William Grissom, 55, his daughter Julie, 24, and his 8-year-old grandson Sean.   On Feb. 15, 1994, just weeks before Rollings trial for the Gainesville murders was set to begin, he  told his lawyer that he wanted to plead guilty. His lawyer warned against it, but Rolling was determined, saying he did not want to sit there while the pictures of the crime scene were shown to the jury. Rolling was sentenced to death in March and executed on Oct. 25, 2006.   Sources Cochrane, Emily, and McPherson, Jordan. All is Well: Gainesville Murder Victims Remembered After 25 Years. Alligator.org. 28 August 2015.Dean, Michelle. The True Story Behind the Horrific Murder Spree That Inspired Scream. Complex.com. 20 December 2016.Goodnough, Abby. Killer of 5 Florida Students Is Executed. NYTimes.com. 26 October 2006.Schweers, Jeff. Gainesville Student Murders: 25 Years Later. Gainesville.com. 24 August 2017.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

World history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World history - Essay Example By the time of the Revolution, they numbered about 10000 in number but regardless of this, they were the largest landowners in the country. Most of the land that the clergy held was done in the name of the Church and given that, this institution was recognized to be supreme in the state, all its members were exempted from payment of tax. The nobility, whose titles were hereditary and, passed down from generation to generation, formed the Second Estate and they too were exempt from taxes, despite their large number. The Third Estate consisted of those people who were from the lower classes of the society and at the top of this group were the bourgeoisie. These tended to find ways of escaping the burden of taxation in various ways and this left the burden on the poorest elements of French society. Moreover, these elements were for a large part responsible for the development of the Revolution because of the oppression they felt from the other Estates. This body was formed during the transitional period of the Revolution after the collapse of the Estates General. The members of the Third Estate, who after growing dissatisfied by the ineffectiveness of the Estates General chose to take matters into their own hands, mainly dominated it. As a result, by means of this dominance came political power and this made some members of the First and Second Estates to join them eventually for their own survival. The formation of this assembly met with stiff resistance from the king, who felt that his power was being eroded. On the other hand, despite this resistance, the assembly continued to meet until it finally came to be officially recognized. This assembly declared the right of man and citizen in France, stating that all men born within its territory was free and equal. This body was later on reconstituted and in its place, the National Constituent Assembly was formed. This idea is a legacy of the Revolution that was inherited from the ideas of the

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Michelangelo on the Divine, Universal truth and Beauty Research Paper

Michelangelo on the Divine, Universal truth and Beauty - Research Paper Example elangelo, a renowned artist whose works of early thirteenth century are popular, is a proper example of artists whose works illustrates philosophy behind it. This paper seeks to examine Michelangelo’s works of art on Divine, universal truth and beauty. Michelangelo’s creative work of sculpture in Rome brings about the issue of divine and beauty. We view him presenting the images of the characters in the bible and their actions. We see Adam’s image eating the apple, and besides him there is Eve (Michelangelo 56). Everything that happened in the Garden of Eden is captured by his work. He even goes to the extent of imagining the image of the angel who gave the orders in the Garden of Eden. He further decorates the chapel with beautiful images of Cain and Abel offering their sacrifices and their reactions after the sacrifice. Daniel, Zachariah and Haman are among the characters Michelangelo sculpts in the chapel thus decorating it (Condivi 24). I can imagine the scenery in the chapel accompanied by its divine significance to the ones who see them. The fact that Michelangelo chose to use the characters of the holy bible to do his work signifies some kind of divine connection. The writer of Michelangelo’s biography describes the situation under which Eve sculpted by Michelangelo acts. How she is guilty and fearful of justice and hope for divine mercy. The fact that Michelangelo’s paintings are more beautiful is not something easy. When asked, Michelangelo argue that all the work of paintings is done by his brains and not the hands (Molyneux 78). This implies that Michelangelo frequently prefer to link the philosophical art with his brain. Moreover, he lends himself fully to the source of divine things in his art; the beautiful nature. Each and every thing that is in nature should be looked at with appropriate keenness (Kool 15). It is by observing this nature keenly that Michelangelo came up with such beautiful paint ings. As the saying goes that

Monday, November 18, 2019

Interview of Business Professional Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interview of Business Professional - Essay Example Although he had a chance of executing the employment alone, he sought to follow the right procedures. The position was eventually filled with the most appropriate person by following employment procedures thus issues of ethical concern were avoided. I would have done the same. The dilemma would have been a violation of the company policy since the company requires that there be at least three possible suitors from which the best is picked. Although I could have had prior experience with the potential employee, following protocols were the right ethical thing to do. In addition, following right procedure would have safeguarded the company and me (Mathis and Jackson 2010). The ethical dilemma did not violate any law or company policy. It is advisable that personal judgment be followed and further official consultations made to avoid ethical conflicts. Choosing between personal conscience and company policies is difficult but it is more appropriate to follow the conscience. Under the same circumstances, I would have acted the same way as my interviewee to avoid ethical

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Commensality Defines As Fellowship At Table Sociology Essay

Commensality Defines As Fellowship At Table Sociology Essay Commensality is eating with other people, and commensal eating patterns reflect the social relationships of individuals (1). According to Mennell et al., (1992), the relationship between food, eating, and society will be discussed in a range of ways that include commensality. Until recently, sociologists expressed relatively little interest in what we eat, how we prepare and consume food, how we feel about it and why. Paradoxically, when the relationship between food, eating and society is discussed, this is often in functionalist terms of commensality, that is, the social significance of living and eating together that is thought to lie at the heart of our sociality. Yet, from time to time, changes take place in the way our structures and interactions are perceived and prioritised. In addition, when children opened their lunch boxes, they displayed some of the opportunities and constraints of familial food choices. In effect, home was made visible. The data also illustrated that womens position in the domestic division of labour was intimately linked to the distribution of food, including that consumed at school. In interviews, parents explained that their influence over what went into the box was mediated by several factors which, together, were described in terms of eating compromises or bargains. The combination of (predominantly) mothers ideas about what was nutritionally balanced with their positioning of a snack meal as a stop-gap to the main meal event in the evening, was mediated not only by childrens food preferences but also by what was affordable and practically stored in a lunch box. Most people get married or spend time living with a partner at some stage in their lives. But what effect does this change have, if any, on their eating habits? The transition from bachelor or spinster to young couple represents a major lifecourse change and this paper looks at the role that eating together plays in the lives of a group of young Scottish couples recently married or cohabiting with their partner. The key question here is what role do meals play in all of this and how are eating activities arranged in these households. In an attempt to move the debate on meals beyond the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“traditional family unità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  it considers what eating à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“properlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  meant for these couples. The paper looks at the importance of the evening meal as a site for sociability in married and cohabiting couples and examines the process of social interaction, focusing on temporal and spatial aspects of eating together as a couple. It reports on what men an d women said in individual interviews and recorded in personal food diaries, contrasting this with their behaviour when they were living separately from their partners (1) A study explained usual meal partners in commensal units and frequency of eating with others in commensal circles among 663 adults responding to a mailed questionnaire in one community. Meal partner data revealed that most respondents ate alone at breakfast, alone or with co-workers at lunch, and with family members at dinner. Commensal frequency data revealed some eating at the homes of other family members, little eating at friends homes, and almost no eating at neighbors homes. Few demographic variations existed in commensal eating, except that unmarried individuals more often ate breakfast and dinner alone and more often ate with friends. These finding suggest that contemporary work-oriented society may lead people to eat alone during the day but share evening meals with family, and that people maintain commensal relationships primarily with family members rather than friends or neighbors. Peoples social worlds appear to be focused on the nuclear family, and family members are al so the people they usually eat with (2). According to findings from a qualitative study of views and understandings of dietary practices in middle class families. Thirty five parents/main food providers of boys and girls aged 13/14 years, living in Eastern Scotland, were interviewed about their and their teenagers everyday lives, food, health and family practices. One of our aims was to understand more about the social and cultural conditions which might be promoting more positive dietary health and physical well-being amongst middle class families. Most parents accounts appeared rooted in a taken-for-grantedness that family members enjoyed good health, lived in relatively secure and unthreatening environments regarding health and resources, and were able to lead active lives, which they valued. Although controlling teenagers eating practices was presented as an ongoing challenge, active supervision and surveillance of their diets was described, as was guiding tastes in the right direction. Parents described attempts to ach ieve family eating practices such as commensality, cooking from scratch, and encouraging a varied and nutritional adult diet and cosmopolitan tastes, though work and activities could compromise these. These middle class families might be characterized as having future oriented hierarchies of luxury and choice, in which controlling and moulding teenagers food practices and tastes was assigned a high priority (3). As well as, Murcott (1988) has pointed out, public and fictional allegiance to the importance of shared meals persists, along with anxiety about their supposed decline. Together, anxiety about what, how, and with whom we eat has surfaced in relation to the health and physical well-being of adults and children and in cultural concerns about the disintegration of family life and values(4). The above mentioned studies illustrate that commensality in school can and does show a variety of formations. This applies also to understandings about parental choice and influence. At Fieldgate School, family influences were revealed more directly because children brought to school visible aspects of their home life, albeit contained in a school lunch box. Such influences were reinforced and thwarted by a variety of other factors, including peer group influence, but overall, parental choice was considered paramount. It should be the responsibility of both home and school, both really. I mean we need food to grow so that should be an educational thing and also put into practice at home via the parents. Food needs to be taught properly. As well as, the experience of becoming the provider of their own food changes the students food behaviors and representations. Diet quality, patterns of commensality and social representations of food provide input for developing healthy diet care and health promotion (5). According to ALLEN et al., (1970) the strongest relations occurred among the nutrition factors and family commensality was the most influential. The degree of family commensality was related not only to increase in food likes and dietary adequacy but also to health and academic performance. Food likes and diet adequacy were both correlated with academic skills, work rating, expectation of success and college preparation. Conclusion: Sharing meals together, both in terms of common understandings about their construction and the social rules which govern behaviour, is thought to be the very essence of sociality. The individualisation of our eating habits, it is claimed, means that both meals, and by implication, critical aspects of our sociality are disappearing (Burnett, 1989). In response, education has been advocated as a mechanism to halt a trend which is thought to threaten our health, our family life, and our sense of social cohesion. Set at the interface between home and school, the above mentioned papers have explored commensality at home and school, and has considered the overlap between the two, using data which prioritise the views of parents and, to a lesser extent children, rather than the perspectives of educationalists, nutritionists, or teachers. Advocates of nutritional improvement in childrens diets have stressed the importance of a school meals service. The discussion of eating provision in scho ol highlights the complex issues underpinning this assertion, not only in terms of nutritional impact but also in relation to the sociality of eating and the cross-cutting effects of institutional practice, socioeconomic advantage and disadvantage (discussed also by Dobson et al., 1994), and cultural preference. As we discussed in the above sections, the strongest relations occurred among the nutrition factors and family commensality was the most influential. The degree of family commensality was related not only to increase in food likes and dietary adequacy but also to health and academic performance. Food likes and diet adequacy were both correlated with academic skills, work rating, expectation of success and college preparation. 1. Marshall DW, Anderson AS. Proper meals in transition: young married couples on the nature of eating together. Appetite2002 Dec;39(3):193-206. 2. Sobal J, Nelson MK. Commensal eating patterns: a community study. Appetite2003 Oct;41(2):181-90. 3. Backett-Milburn KC, Wills WJ, Roberts ML, Lawton J. Food, eating and taste: parents perspectives on the making of the middle class teenager. Soc Sci Med Oct;71(7):1316-23. 4. Murcott A. Sociological and social anthropological approaches to food and eating. World Rev Nutr Diet1988;55:1-40. 5. Alves HJ, Boog MC. [Food behavior in student residence halls: a setting for health promotion]. Rev Saude Publica2007 Apr;41(2):197-204.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Inspector Goole in J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

What is the function of Inspector Goole in J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls? An Inspector Calls was written in 1945 by John Boynton Priestley. The play was set in 1912 two years before the first world war so from this their would have been irony as the audience would know. The play is set in a dining room in the Birling’s residence in Brumley, North Midlands which was a fictional industrial city. At the time the play was set the world was a very class conscience place with higher and lower class depending on one thing: money. The country was set up in two categories with the socialists which consists of the Political System in which ways of community and sharing are promoted and capitalists which is the political system which values private ownership and the individual. The country really was involved around capitalist values. For example there was no welfare state. In this essay I will be focusing on the main functions of the inspector. The inspectors role is a key to the plot and conclusion and delivers morals and principles and how the functions of the inspector get used in specific places throughout the play. The play opens with the Birling family and Gerald celebrating the engagement of Gerald and Sheila. It is dramatically effective because you get to see all the characters in one room therefore seeing their personalities, instead of them being introduced one-by-one. They are celebrating and at ease which means they are a little bit drunk. The mood is very relaxed and everyone having a nice time. From the stage directions it says the mood is â€Å"pink and intimate†. We learn from Mr.Birling that he is selfish and a capitalist from his speech. He sums himself up within the opening of the play saying â€Å"that a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own-and-†(act one page 11) this indicates that he is a selfish man and cares for his family only (Mr.Birling is a capitalist). The mood is soon to change from relaxed and chilled to harsh when the inspector arrives. At the last word of Mr. Birlings speech the door bell rings at the right time to create tension, the doorbell ring was purposely put their to create tension and to stop Birling preaching about capitalist views. Its clever even how one word â€Å"and† can be such a tensional word as the door bell rings. In the stage directions â€Å"the lighting should be pink and intimate until the inspector arrives, and then it should be brighter and harder† it changes to as if all the characters were being

Monday, November 11, 2019

Half-Caste and Nothing’s Changed Essay

Following that the third and fourth build up to the short fifth and sixth three line stanza turning round the poem showing that it isn’t him that is half a person but the ones that are biased are. Both structures of the poem are quite different but both do use the structure as a climax. Both poems create different moods maybe because of the period of time. Also Nothing’s Changed is more serious. Half-Caste has both a humorous and questioning mood. ‘Ah listening to yu wid de keen half of mih ear’ makes you think that it is ridiculous and wonder they are not half a person. By saying outrageous things like that John creates a mood. In contrast Tatamkhulu isn’t humorous in ‘Nothing’s Changed’ but in a protesting manner. Half-Caste is in a Caribbean dialect which makes it a quite fast paced poem. The rhythm is relatively exhilarating. The phrase ‘Explain yuself wha yu mean’ is emphasised because of the dialect and is repeated plenty as well. John gives importance to this phrase because he is reaching out to the reader to make them understand why people judge mixed race people to be ‘half-caste’. He doesn’t believe just because they are mixed race that they are half a person and by turning it around in the last stanzas he shows how it feels to go through what he goes through. However Nothing’s Changed has nor a lively or upbeat tempo but more of a slow rhythm because then Tatamkhulu can emphasise most of the words in the poem because of the slow pace to it making the reader acknowledge every word and recognise his aim. The rhythm helps the reader value his rage in various parts of the poem such as ‘and the hot, white, inwards turning anger in my eyes’. Also the four consecutive ‘ands’ in the 2nd stanza before the phrase quoted before really give the anger its climax. Nothing’s Changed captures all the words making you reflect about every line in more depth then usual. On the contrary Half-Caste being in a Caribbean dialect is more dynamic, but in this circumstance it helps the poem. For instance ‘wid de whole of yu eye n de whole of yu ear an de whole of yu mind’ would be difficult to comprehend but reading it promptly and in a Caribbean dialect would make it comprehensible. Both poems paint pictures in your mind of images that John and Tatamkhulu create with their poetry. Nothing’s Changed give details to most of the environment in which the poet go through and come across, like when he is striding above the ‘hard stones’ and ‘amiable weeds’. As a reader you can picture Tatamkhulu looking up from the ‘grasses’ and have a image of a board saying ‘District Six’ but then disappearing like it was never there but just in his mind’s eye. In addition his hands metamorphosing from his accustomed colour to white illustrating his fury, transforming the complete atmosphere very cold. Half-Caste alternatively doesn’t produce images seen by John in real life but generating pictures of examples of features in the world that have a combination like ‘half-caste weather’ or ‘half-caste symphony’. He constructs visions of a ‘cast half-a-shadow’ of a ‘half-caste human being’. Half-Caste uses repetition for its key features, in addition to catch the reader’s attention. It is also in a Caribbean dialect. John exploits the phrase ‘Explain yuself wha yu mean’. He emphasises his point by having a none stop twenty six line stanza which clarifies all his various fusions in life which are a mixture like ‘half-caste canvas’. In contrast Nothing’s Changed uses the structure as a approach to get his key features at certain points. ‘No sign say it is but we know here we belong’ is isolated into a two line stanza. John Agard in a manner has an absolutely different way of expressing his key points. In conclusion both Half-Caste and Nothing’s Changed has very serious issues in which they write about. Both being from the party in which are being attacked. Being from different time periods makes it slightly diverse. Tatamkhulu has been influenced by his culture and background in the way that there were only non-whites and whites in that particular area. Taking that into consideration most non-whites would have despised all whites thinking all of them would be against them so the anger in his poem would explain that. Whereas John’s culture and background does have some bearing on his opinion but he in fact knows that not everyone would think of him as half a person to another human being or any other mixed race individual. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Agard: Half-Caste section.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Richards Wright essays

Richards Wright essays Close you eyes and try to visualize a world where economic prosperity and civil rights was the one thing you dreamed about every night? Or, what is your place in a world when your whole race has to face racism? Richard Wright found his place in such a world just like this one. Wright became one of the best writers of his time. "Words can be weapons against injustice," wrote Richard Wright. These words are evidenced by Wrights own career as a successful black writer emerging during a period of racial oppression and economic hardship. He used is short stories, novels, and poetry to show the world what Blacks had to endure. Even more important, however, are the ways Wright wove his themes of human fear, alienation, identity, and dread into the overall texture of his work. Wrights world view was one of social inequalities. Although Wright wrote short stories his novels reveal is world view the best. He all so had very strong Communist believes. Wrights Communist affiliation only compound ed the negative reactions he suffered on account of his stark portrayals of American racism. Wright used is characters to interpret the world in which he grew up in. A lot of his short stories are similar to his on life story. The first part of the Native Son is called fear. According to Edward Margolies the author of The Art of Richard Wright, the first section of Native Son traces all the different kinds of fear that determine Bigger Thomas's actions. Growing up in a world where you have no real place in it, you learn to fear a lot of things. Like majority of Blacks in the early 1900s Wright feared racism. Wrights family was victims of racial acts. When he was young his uncle was lynched. As a result Wright had to stop going to school and move out of the state. Poverty besides racism is the main thing Wright feared and had strong views on. Wrights world view of poverty can be seen in a lot of h ...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Hegelian Dialectics

Hegelian Dialectics Introduction Hegel formulated a method that would be used in resolving conflicts among members of society. He suggested that a conflict would be resolved in three stages.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hegelian Dialectics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his analysis, a thesis would generate a reaction that he referred to as the antithesis. The two would always be in conflict for quite some time before forging a common position, something he termed as a synthesis. In the phenomenology of spirit, Hegel presented the science of experience of consciousness whereby he described the process through which people’s consciousness develops over time. People’s minds go through a number of stages as regards to consciousness. The development of the mind starts with the lower levels and ends with the high levels. This article analyzes how Hegel used the idea of the master and the slave to bring out the conflicts that usually exist among various groups in society. The article situates the reasoning of Hegel in two articles, one being the Second Sex by Simone and the other is the modern woman as a subject by Fanon. Hegel’s Dialectics In his works on phenomenology, Hegel discussed the idea of independent and dependent self-consciousness whereby he talked about lordship and bondage in detail. He also discussed two critical issues related to life and desire. Hegel employed several concepts in analyzing how self-consciousness forms. Through self-awareness, a group of people develop certain knowledge, spirit, and sciences meaning that what people know are always held as true (Hegel 112). Knowledge develops when one consciousness recognizes the existence of another consciousness meaning that conflicts among groups will never take place without each group developing a sense of belonging. Knowledge development, according to Hegel, does not follow the basic rules of science, but instead it dev elops through a phenomenological construct, which has a clear history. This entails a group demanding for freedom after realizing that another group interferes with its interests. Regarding master-slave dialectic, the views of Hegel were that the relationship between the owners of the means of production and the proletariat could be understood through an internal analysis or process, particularly when it occurs in one individual. Moreover, the same could be comprehended through an external process, particularly when it takes place between two people or two groups. Based on his view, whatever takes place in the mind of an individual would be the same thing that would take place in an individual’s life. This means that if an individual feels oppressed in his or her reasoning, there is a high likelihood that such an individual would indeed be oppressed even in normal life.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hegel was of the view that the objective suppression and objective sense of inferiority would gel to become one thing. The two levels of consciousness are never in harmony and they can even be in conflict to an extent that they fail to agree. The self at this moment is viewed as a foreign object whose existence interferes with proper reasoning. The two types of consciousness would as well perceive each other as animated objects as opposed to equal subjects. Based on this, Hegel concluded that the self does not appreciate the existence of another self. One self views the other self as an ordinary object with an autonomous shape. Due to this, a contradiction emerges, but the self tries to resolve the conflict through negating the other self, using a dialectical method. Since an agreement will not be readily reached, the two will be engaged in constant process of convincing each other. This struggle persists until death, even though no self-conscious ness would want death to take place since it would have fuelled a natural negation. The two forms of self-consciousness try as much as possible to avoid death. Therefore, the two tend to strike a deal to cooperate through constant communication and acceptance of subordination. The master would be willing to negotiate since she understands that life without self-awareness is useless. The slave accepts slavery because of the fear of death. The slave allows he master to control his life. Application of Hegel’s Ideas The second sex is the writing of Simone, which talks about the position of women in history. The scholar observed that women have never been given an opportunity to express themselves socially, politically, and economically due to the presence of men. Men are like masters who understand that life would never be enjoyable without self-consciousness. On their part, women accept their position as slaves since they fear death. Women have always engaged men in several fro nts in order to realize their dreams in society. In her works on history, she notes that reproduction is considered slavery to women because it denies them an opportunity to engage in economic and political development. Men have different views, which are perceived as the thesis since they control the affairs of society while the views of women are believed to be the antithesis because they oppose the position of men. Since the two forms of self-consciousness fear destruction, they will agree to form a working formula, which would result to a synthesis. Under the new arrangement, women would be given adequate chances to participate in economic and political development. Their physical weaknesses would not be used to undermine their positions in society. In the second part of her works, she opposes the idea of marriage since it undermines the position of women in society. Women are mainly relegated to the private domain of the home since their role in marriage is related to performin g domestic chores. Fanon suggested that the white race is always perceived as a superior race because of its physical qualities and skin colour. The black race is viewed as an inferior race, whose major role is to serve the black race.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hegelian Dialectics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since time in memorial, the black race has never occupied its position in society, just like women (Fanon 191). During colonialism, the white race misused the labour of the black race to benefit itself while the black race was simply languishing in poverty. In this regard, the views of the white race are perceived as the thesis since they dictate all forms of life in society. The black race is always in constant conflicts with the white race hence its views are believed to be antithesis. The conflicts between the two races will persist for years until the time when the black race will rise up to chall enge the position of the white race. Since the white race is aware that life without self-awareness is useless, it will decide to engage the black race in talks in order to resolve the conflicts. A relationship would be established, with new ideas referred to as the synthesis. Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks. New York, NY: Grove Press, 2008. Print. Hegel, Georg. Phenomenology of Spirit. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1998. Print.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Integrating Social Media into Mainstream News Essay

Integrating Social Media into Mainstream News - Essay Example The social media therefore cannot be replaced with the mainstream news in entirety due to the fact that the social media is still a great deal behind the mainstream news in terms of authenticity and genuineness of its content. This has been implicated time and again by the immense changes which have come about within the related ranks of technological growth and development. Even though the technology has markedly changed and for the better, there still are many apprehensions within the minds of the conservatives and thinkers of the society who believe that social media cannot and will never replace the traditional news methodologies and conventions which have been there for such a long period of time. Hence one comes to the conclusion that the pitfalls are immensely driven in order to understand how the social media has lagged far behind in its race to achieve supremacy over the mainstream news. This is because the mainstream news takes into perspective many different conventions an d routines which the social media does not really pay heed to2. The social media looks at delivering the message of the common man and woman on the ground where more personalization and customization of processes is undertaken. The mainstream news is a collective mesh of all these angles and points of view where emphasis has remained on getting the job done through a pool of news reports, stories and events’ coverage. The social media has therefore been treated differently by distinctive sets of people. This is because they require that the news stories are propagated by renowned institutions and corporations which are more reliable and easily digestible by the audiences3. What is even more interesting is the observation that the social media does not really solve the quandaries that are related with the collective wisdom of the people rather it focuses on the individuals who hail within a singular group or faction for that matter. The real world examples that could be quoted here comprise of individuals who have become famous for leaking news stories and reports over the Internet before the traditional mainstream news has even gotten a clue about the same. This is a very interesting observation that has been much quoted and discussed at length within the relevant circles and thus has been given significance by people from varied strata of life. Some of the more common examples include the live embedding of video, images and sounds over the Internet which is virally transmitted to people4. This is markedly different from what is transferred over the traditional mainstream news where a great of control and influence is exerted by the news makers and news controllers. What is even more significant is how they exert this control to get their point of view across which is exponentially increased within the reigns of the social media phenomenon. Hence a great deal of positive and negative aspects come about when one speaks of the discussion as to whether int egrating the social media into mainstream news would do any good. What this would eventually mean is the fact that this integration shall result in perspectives that are result-oriented and which would do more good than harm in entirety5. How this discussion will be summed up is dependent on how problems need to be tackled which come up close and personal within the related spheres. The

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Phil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Phil - Essay Example He advised the youth to be super historical and unhistorical. Additionally, he emphasized that the condition of being both upper historical and unhistorical usually allows the youth to develop a stable character in terms of religion and art (Nietzsche 60). As the youths avoid basing their lives on the past events, they will overcome a condition referred to as historical malady. This is an important process because it helps youths uphold their culture in the society. Advantages and shortcomings of history to life According to Nietzsche, every person is usually part of the task of existence. It is clear that for existence to occur, human beings need to have knowledge and truth about their past (Nietzsche 1). He still insists that without history, people will lack humanity because narrations constitute the record of self-production. History is important because retaining the culture in a society, as well as, ensuring that young generation acquires useful values such as respect and hones t is fundamental. According to Nietzsche, the historical sense stifles or limits the human creativity by ruining the people’s identity and their meaning in the society. During the process of finding truth and knowledge about the past, deadly facts are sometimes gathered. This is likely to ruin the lives of people (Nietzsche 1). As Nietzsche put it, some of the activities involved in the process of gathering knowledge are usually perverted. This is attributable to the supposition that facts obtained are not applicable in any activity that is likely to change the lives of people (Nietzsche 2). Nietzsche criticizes history because it does not promote life, but employs deadly practices. Effects of excess history Excess history refers to a process that allows an individual to gain knowledge about the past without any intention of applying it. The excess history results in a condition called modern pseudo-culture where historical knowledge is not put to any particular use. After we akening personality, this condition usually turns resourceful people into actors in the society. The excess history depletes the instincts of people limiting them from attaining a certain level of growth or maturity. Nietzsche suggests that in order to increase the capacity for growth in future, it is necessary to emphasize on the past, and connection between the present and the past. This move will tend to direct the society on the best use of the history knowledge that serves life. History should be instrumental in the growth of modernity (Nietzsche 12). Question 2 The Response of Modern Philosophy to the Genesis Account of Human life Using the outline of The Book of Genesis, Kant developed speculations about the beginning of the human history. According to Genesis 4:2, man is said to have been feeding on roots before taming animals or engaging in agricultural activities. Kant points out the slow transition of man from being a hunter to taming animals and engaging in agricultural activities. The beginning of the strife separated people according to their different ways of life. Consequently, people moved to different parts of the world. Some people engaged in farming activities that was characterized by the challenges of unpredictable weather conditions; while others still engaged in hunting because of the availability of extensive grazing land. Since the agricultural activities required the farmers to settle in specific locations, they needed to protect their cultivated land and themselves from

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Summery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Summery - Essay Example The second chapter summary dwells on the concept of diversity which primarily focuses on the aspect of differences that exist among people living in a similar group or location. From my own understanding, diversity is concerned about the aspect of co-existence among people from different groups. That it is, living together in harmony among people from diverse places. For instance, the US is a multicultural country and is comprised of people from diverse backgrounds. Measures have been put in order to accommodate the needs and interests of people from different backgrounds. Chapter three looks at the concepts of melting pot and multiculturalism. From this perspective, I have gathered that the concept of melting pot refers to the process where people from different backgrounds converge and establish a new society. For instance, America is comprised of people who came from different places who became united to build this powerful nation. On the other hand, I have observed that the concept of multiculturalism refers to the aspect of acknowledging other people’s values and believes such that people from different backgrounds come to appreciate them and adopt some of them in their own lives. Chapter four focuses on how people react to the concept of diversity. More often, people tend to look down upon other people from other cultures or they can generally refer to them as inferior without the facts to prove their assertions towards individuals from different cultures. Intolerance of people from different cultural backgrounds is very common among other people who do not want to accept the cultural values of other people. Indeed, it is a fact that we hail from different cultural backgrounds and we must accept this hard fact that does not change. This will help us to tolerate each other. Chapter six focuses on the challenges and benefits of diversity. The main challenge of diversity is related to the aspect of discrimination of the other group by another.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

University of Phoenix Scavenger Hunt Essay Example for Free

University of Phoenix Scavenger Hunt Essay Which three reviewing services are available to students through the Center for Writing Excellence? For a quick check, you can use WritePoint, which will do a more thorough Word-style grammar and spelling check. For more specific questions and comments, you can use the Tutor review which gives more detailed explanations and a much more thorough check. Also, the Plagiarism checker is nice for making sure you are following correct citation rules and not pulling too much information from one source. Which resource in the Tutorials Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence offers tips about how to format a paper? * APA format and Style checker What are the University of Phoenix’s suggested resources for academic writing formatting and grammar guides? (Hint: This information is located in the Center for Writing Excellence) * Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association * University Library 1. What are the three major article databases found in the University Library? * EBSCOhost; Thompson Gale PowerSearch and ProQuest. Name three specialized article databases in the University Library. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center, Psych Articles, Emerald and tons and tons of others. What link would you click to ask a question of the University of Phoenix Librarian? The â€Å"Ask a Librarian† tab in the other resources. * Course Information 1. From your student Web site, how do you access your reading assignments for this course? From the â€Å"Materials† tab at the top of the screen. What chapter from the text Keys to College Studying is part of the reading assignment for Week Four of this course? Chapter 3. Where on your student Web site will you be able to find your schedule and course grades for all courses completed to date? From the â€Å"Grades† tab. Learning Teams 1. What six documents are contained in the â€Å"Toolkit Essentials† section of the Learning Team Toolkit? * Learning Team Handbook, Online Campus Learning Team Handbook, Learning Team Log, Learning Team Evaluation, Learning Team Charter, and Guide to Completing the University of Phoenix Learning Team Charter. * According to the Learning Team Toolkit section, â€Å"Why Learning Teams? † what are the four essential functions filled by Learning Teams that are especially beneficial to working adult learners? * It can make assignments better, it is a place for learning and maintaining new knowledge through other viewpoints, it gives a place to share information and is a community where people can learn how other people are handling school and life. Student Services 1. What is the phone number for University of Phoenix technical support? (Hint: Use the â€Å"Help† button in the top right corner of the page. ) * 1-877-832-4867 Where can you find information about who to contact for questions regarding student disabilities? * On the â€Å"University Diability Services† tab. What three National Testing Programs does the University of Phoenix award credit for? * DANTES, CLEP and Excelsior Name one form of misconduct in the Student Code of Conduct. (Hint: The Student Code of Conduct is located in the Academic Catalog). * Plagarism in any form.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

A New High Speed Rail Link For Britain Engineering Essay

A New High Speed Rail Link For Britain Engineering Essay Recently travel by rail has increased with many lines struggling to cope with the demand. The West Coast mainline which can be seen as one of the most important rail lines in Britain will reach capacity by 2020 according to the Transport Politic and has also seen investments of around  £13 billion already (www.thetransportpolitic.com, 2009). One of the popular modes of travelling long distance within Britain is short haul flights; however air travel is neither efficient in terms of energy nor is it environmentally friendly. As the U.K has pledged to lower carbon emissions by 80% by the year 2050 (www.treehugger.com, 2009) Britain needs more sustainable forms of transport. With the need to increase capacity on the rail lines, especially from London to the North, along with the environmental and sustainability factors the question that arises is, would it be more be beneficial to upgrade the existing link between the north and London or to implement a new high speed rail link? An Atkins report commissioned by the Dft alternatives to the high speed rail titled High Speed 2 Strategic Alternatives Study (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010) outlines rail upgrades as an alternative. Firstly trains could be lengthened to allow for more passenger, however this does not tackle any reduction on journey times and station platforms may not be able to accommodate longer trains. Secondly an investment on the infrastructure to enhance the capacity of the West Coast Mainline would cost around  £3.6 billion (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010). This would see the operation of an extra four to five trains per hour reducing journey times to Birmingham and Manchester by 12 minutes and 6.5 minutes respectively (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010). This alternative would not have many adverse effects on the environment as it does not affect the Chiltern Area of Natural Beauty, where the high speed network would, it would however be disruptive to passengers. The third alternative detailed in the report would be to in vest on the Chiltern line along with the previous alternative which would allow three trains per hour to the West Midlands on the Chiltern line at a cost of  £12.5 billion without reduction on journey times and an adverse environmental effect on the Chiltern AONB. Adding onto this would be the fourth alternative with further work on the Chiltern Line between London and the West Midlands to improve journey times at a cost of  £15.1 billion (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010). This could see a single stop service to the West Midlands in 64 minutes (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010). This would have the same environmental effects on the Chiltern AONB and also be disruptive to passengers. The last alternative would be to include further work on the infrastructure on the Chiltern Line to take it up as far as Stratford as an alternative to the northern stretch on the West Coast Main Line. This would cost approximately  £19.6 billion(www.dft.gov.uk, 2010), but may prove to challenging, and result in a small frequency on services, without any certain demand for these services. This alternative would be the most environmentally damaging not only for just the Chiltern AONB and would cause disruption to passengers. All the alternatives in upgrades to the existing network seem to be costly, have an adverse effect on the environment and disruption to services already in place which outweigh the benefits in terms capacity generated and reduction of journey times. For many of the alternatives there is no impact on the journey times, which would be seen as defeating the objective of upgrading the existing network. A publication by the Institution of Civil Engineers titled unblocking the potential of rail states that Flights currently account for 93% of business trips between Scotland and London. Research shows passengers will only consider changing from air to rail if the journey time is under three hours only possible on land with a high speed rail route. (www.ice.org.uk, 2010). Over the years Britain has seen to fall behind its European neighbours in developing high speed rail networks. France, Germany, Italy and Spain have all developed high speed rail networks. In particular Spain have in place a high speed rail network between Madrid and Barcelona which reaches speeds of 220mph, which allows the journey of 410 miles to be completed in 2 and a half hours (www.treehugger.com, 2010). Spain is a good example as they have a similar route from Madrid to Seville where more than 80% of travellers on that route prefer to travel by train (www.treehugger.com, 2010). The article Spains high speed service challenges the airlines on www.treehugger.com, 2010 also describes the services as In terms of comfort and convenience the operators are not skimping either. Each train features a conference room, upgraded cooling and air conditioning, internet access and a restaurant car and passengers are refunded their entire fare if the train is more than 5 minutes late (www.tr eehugger.com, 2010). However since 2009 the government have set up a new organisation. High speed 2 Ltd (HS2 Ltd) which is outlying proposals and reports on a new north-south high speed rail network. Recently the transport secretary published the report for new high speed rail network which could see work start around 2017 at the earliest (BBC News, 2010) Figures from The Transport Politic show that the project would cost  £34 billion and include 1500 miles of track, accommodating a total of 34 tunnels and 138 bridges. Whilst 8 new stations would be built and the procurement of 73 high speed trains. If put in place the new north-south link would see an annual ridership of 43.7 journeys. (www.thetransportpolitic.com, 2009). Figure 1 in the appendix shows the proposed line and reduction in journey times. The transport secretary Lord Adonis in a speech about the high speed rail stated additional transport capacity would be needed from the 2020s between our major cities, starting with London to the west midlands, Britains two largest conurbations . . .high speed rail could be the most efficient and sustainable way to provide more capacity between these conurbations. (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010). Lord Adonis summarised the development as an initial high speed network linking London to Birmingham then onto Manchester, the East Midlands, Sheffield and Leeds with high speed trains through to Liverpool, Newcastle, Glasgow and Edinburgh, which would result in a Y shaped network capable of carrying trains upto 250mph. Figures 2-4 in the appendix show some comparisons of high speed rail compared to classic rail. The benefits of high speed rail as described by Lord Adonis on the Dft website (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010) are an increase of rail capacity by a third on the West Coast Mainline, not only because of the track but also due to the length of high speed trains and the adapted stations along with segregation from other rail traffic. The speech also describes the upgrade of existing rail lines yielding less than half the extra capacity for more money and disruption than it would do to implement a high speed network. A new high speed network could see pressure on capacity on the West Coast Mainline released for other services on the network. In terms of saving time on journeys, the time between the London and the west midlands would be between 30 to 50 minutes depending on the station used, whereas places such as Manchester, Leeds and Sheffield would be bought to within 75 minutes of London and places further north such as Edinburgh and Glasgow to around three and a half hours. High speed trains are stated as a sustainable way forward (www.dft.gov.uk, 2010) by Lord Adonis, going on to say that they emit less carbon then other modes such as car or airplane per passenger mile, with the low impact of a new high speed rail network on local areas than that of a new motorway. Weighing up the benefits to the costs, HS2 assessed that the project will yield  £2 for every  £1 spent with the first part of the line up to the West Midlands costing between  £15 and  £17 billion. Along with these benefits, other factors must be taken into consideration. The high speed trains are said to reach 400km/h or 250mph. which would make them the fastest trains in the world, we however need to observe the fact that a train travelling at 360km/h requires 50% more energy than that of a train travelling at 300km/h (www.cpre.org.uk, 2010), going faster could be a cost to the environment. On the topic of environment the high speed network will, similarly to many of the alternatives, cut through the Chiltern AONB where extensive tunnelling will be required as high speed trains need to travel in straight a line as possible. High speed trains will generate a new form of travel, where freed up traffic via existing rail and air travel may be taken up by new demand which could in turn add to carbon emission. For high speed rail to be part of a sustainable future, policys should be produced to keep demand and traffic down on other modes such as increasing air fares and making it more expensive to travel by car. In conclusion high speed rail travel looks more attractive compared to an upgrade of the existing network. Many of the alternative upgrades mentioned have little effect for a big price. The cost of the fifth alternative up grade matches that of the cost of a new high speed line from London to the West Midlands, where you would have significantly reduced journey times and no disruption to existing services. Environmentally both upgrading and building a new high speed line have adverse effects. For the same amount of effect on the environment you could have a new faster rail network, which could be a small price to pay for a network with greater outcomes and a project which would contribute to the economy and create jobs. In terms of carbon emissions and efficiency figure 5 in the appendix shows high speed rail is the most efficient in terms of passenger km carried by unit of energy than other forms. However it should be taken into consideration the past in terms of development of rail lines. Where plans to upgrade existing lines have been postponed by Lord Adonis due to lack of finances and what may be a coincidence of the government introducing these plans just before a major election. On the lines of finance the project cost a substantial amount, especially with the current debt of the country. This cost may be passed on as increased rail fares, fares which currently some of the population regard as expensive. The new and improved service may not be attractive to some unless it is heavily subsidised. Overall a new high speed rail link from London to the North would be beneficial, looking at our European neighbours we can see that high speed rail can be a success and the plans tick all the boxes in terms of journey time reduction and being able to compete with other modes such as short haul air travel and helping in the reduction on carbon emmissions. High speed rail can be an improvement if it does not drag funds and infrastructure investment away from other areas and is affordable to use.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Cannery Row :: essays research papers

The Pearl of Cannery Row   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A pearl is created when a tiny speck of intruding dust enters and irritates an oyster shell. The reaction of the oyster is to make a beautiful pearl out of the particle of dust. Some pearls are perfect and others are imperfect, but all are a unique and wondrous creation of nature. In Cannery Row, John Steinbeck imitates nature’s process with Cannery Row as the oyster and Mack as the speck of dust. Steinbeck shows Mack as the irritant which causes Cannery Row to veer from a precarious course and make a change for the better. In the end Mack creates a wonderful â€Å"pearl† for Cannery Row — the quality of unity — and the reader learns that sometimes the best results come from seemingly meaningless occurrences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mack is in the least a large source of irritation and at the most worthless to the residents of Cannery Row. Steinbeck introduces him as â€Å"... the elder, leader, mentor and to a small extent, the exploiter of a little group of men who had in common no families, no money and no ambitions beyond food, drink and contentment† (9). His effect upon the town, while often anonymous, is clearly sensed: â€Å"A hardware store supplied a can of red paint not reluctantly because it never knew about it...† (12). Mack appears when he needs something and disappears when pay-up time comes around. To Cannery Row, â€Å"Mack [and the boys] avoid the trap, walk around the poison, step over the noose while a generation of trapped, poisoned and trussed-up men scream at them and call them no-goods, come-to-bad-ends, blots-on-the-town, thieves, rascals, bums† (15). Because Mack does not fit society’s traditional standards of living, the town also assumes that his character does not measure up either. He isn’t seen for what he really is — a man with a sweet soul who simply is not driven by worldly desires — instead, people judge him against others and by their own expectations of a man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mack lacks ambition but not a good heart. His only intentions are for survival, never for the purpose of inflicting pain or problem on others: â€Å"In the world ruled by tigers with ulcers, rutted by strictured bulls, scavenged by blind jackals, Mack [and the boys] dine delicately with the tigers, fondle the frantic heifers, and wrap up the crumbs to feed the sea gulls of Cannery Row† (15).

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Immanuel Kant Essay

HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www. philosophypages. com/ph/kant. htm† Immanuel Kant answers the question in the first sentence of the essay: â€Å"Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his self-incurred immaturity. † He argues that the immaturity is self-inflicted not from a lack of understanding, but from the lack of courage to use one’s reason, intellect, and wisdom without the guidance of another. He exclaims that the motto of enlightenment is â€Å"Sapere aude†! – Dare to be wise! The German word Unmundigkeit means not having attained age of majority or legal adulthood. â€Å"Unmundig† also means â€Å"dependent† or â€Å"unfree†, and another translation is â€Å"tutelage† or â€Å"nonage† (the condition of â€Å"not [being] of age†). Kant, whose moral philosophy is centred around the concept of autonomy, here distinguishes between a person who is intellectually autonomous and one who keeps him/herself in an intellectually heteronomous, i. e. dependent and immature status. Kant understands the majority of people to be content to follow the guiding institutions of society, such as the Church and the Monarchy, and unable to throw off the yoke of their immaturity due to a lack of resolution to be autonomous. It is difficult for individuals to work their way out of this immature, cowardly life because we are so uncomfortable with the idea of thinking for ourselves. Kant says that even if we did throw off the spoon-fed dogma and formulas we have absorbed, we would still be stuck, because we have never â€Å"cultivated our minds. † The key to throwing off these chains of mental immaturity is reason. There is hope that the entire public could become a force of free thinking individuals if they are free to do so. Why? There will always be a few people, even among the institutional â€Å"guardians†, who think for themselves. They will help the rest of us to â€Å"cultivate our minds. † Kant shows himself a man of his times when he observes that â€Å"a revolution may well put an end to autocratic despotism . . . or power-seeking oppression, but it will never produce a true reform in ways of thinking. † The recently completed American Revolution had made a great impression in Europe; Kant cautions that new prejudice will replace the old and become a new leash to control the â€Å"great unthinking masses. † Immanuel Kant’s Ideas on Science and Morality According to the 18th-century German thinker Immanuel Kant, no person may possess inherent wisdom about reality. This is best summarized in the philosopher’s famous expression, â€Å"Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without data are blind. † Indeed, Kant believes that in order for us to utilize our sensible intuition, we must possess two stimuli, â€Å"physical sensation† and â€Å"moral duty. † The first of the two addresses a portion of Kantian thought known as â€Å"empirical realism,† a reasoning that defines that absolute reality as the entire universe in which all human beings dwell. Every time we acquire external data from that absolute reality, our perception of it assumes a greater degree of accuracy. And what would be the optimal way of acquiring such data with only minimal if any contact with other persons’ perceptions (which are, like ours, inaccurate, only in different ways, since each human being possesses a unique arsenal of experiences)? Scientific exploration is, therefore, the key to an ultimate comprehension of things-in-themselves. Kant was a fervent admirer of Newtonian thought and the Scientific Method, which permitted scientists to ascend to unprecedented heights in their understanding of and control over nature. The second stimulus to action, moral duty, provides the explanation for the purpose of all human actions toward the comprehension of the universe. This portion of Kant’s doctrine has been dubbed by the philosopher as â€Å"transcendental idealism,† since it establishes a framework outside the natural world upon which correct actions are based. Kant sees the ultimate virtues to be the attempts to reach three goals which are not yet found in reality, God, freedom, and the immortality of individuals. God, the Creator and Supreme Being of the universe, must be fathomed, properly interpreted, and obeyed in accordance with his true desires. Freedom, the individual liberty to act as one wishes and to grant all others this right, must be instituted through societal reforms and a development of ideology to understand the proper order that would establish such an atmosphere. And, at last, every human being must rise to possess the right to exist for an indefinite length of time that he may 1 / 3 obey the commandments of God and practice his freedoms. Kant states that all which is right and moral must be based upon those three principles. As such, Kant separates the scientific realm (which describes what is) from the moral realm (which explains what ought to be), but he considers these two realms to go hand-in-hand — ultimately advocating putting the scientific realm in service to moral one. Kant: The â€Å"Copernican Revolution† in Philosophy The philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is sometimes called the â€Å"Copernican revolution of philosophy† to emphasize its novelty and huge importance. Kant synthesized (brought together) rationalism and empiricism. After Kant, the old debate between rationalists and empiricists ended, and epistemology went in a new direction. After Kant, no discussion of reality or knowledge could take place without awareness of the role of the human mind in constructing reality and knowledge. Summary of Rationalism The paradigm rationalist philosophers are Plato (ancient); Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz (modern). Don’t trust senses, since they sometimes deceive; and since the â€Å"knowledge† they provide is inferior (because it changes). Reason alone can provide knowledge. Math is the paradigm of real knowledge. There are innate ideas, e. g. , Plato’s Forms, or Descartes’ concepts of self, substance, and identity. The self is real and discernable through immediate intellectual intuition (cogito ergo sum). Moral notions are comfortably grounded in an objective standard external to self — in God, or Forms. Kant says rationalists are sort of right about (3) and (4) above; wrong about (1) and (2). Kant would like (5) to be true. Summary of Empiricism The paradigm empiricist philosophers are Aristotle (ancient); Locke, Berkeley, Hume (modern). Senses are the primary, or only, source of knowledge of world. Psychological atomism. Mathematics deals only with relations of ideas (tautologies); gives no knowledge of world. No innate ideas (though Berkeley accepts Cartesian self). General or complex ideas are derived by abstraction from simple ones (conceptualism). Hume — there’s no immediate intellectual intuition of self. The concept of â€Å"Self† is not supported by sensations either. Hume — no sensations support the notion of necessary connections between causes and effects, or the notion that the future will resemble the past. Hume — â€Å"is† does not imply â€Å"ought†. Source of morality is feeling. Kant thinks empiricism is on the right track re (1), sort of right re (2), wrong re (3), (4), (5), and (6). Summary of Kant’s Argument The epistemological debate between rationalism and empiricism is basically about whether, or to what extent the senses contribute to knowledge. Both rationalism and empiricism take for granted that it’s possible for us to acquire knowledge of Reality, or how things really are, as opposed to how they seem to us. But both rationalism and empiricism overlook the fact that the human mind is limited; it can experience and imagine only within certain constraints. These constraints are both synthetic and a priori. All our possible experience must conform to these SAPs. The SAPs include location in space and time, causality, experiencing self, thing-ness, identity, and various mathematical notions. (Twentieth- century Gestalt psychology’s attack on psychological atomism is based on Kant’s views. ) Therefore, we must distinguish the world we experience, bounded by SAPs, and the world of things as they really are â€Å"in themselves†. Kant calls these two worlds the phenomenal (apparent) world versus the noumenal (real) world. Empiricism pretty much nails what it means to know something, once the SAPs are in place; i. e. , within the phenomenal world, empiricism rules. The phenomenal world is a world of things, publicly observable, describable by science, known to the senses, determined by physical laws. No God, no 2 / 3 freedom, no soul, no values exist in this world. If God, freedom, souls, and values exist, then they must be noumenal and unknowable by any ordinary means. Thus, according to Kant: Both rationalism and empiricism are wrong when they claim that we can know things in themselves. Rationalists are wrong not to trust senses; in the phenomenal world, senses are all we have. Rationalists are right about â€Å"innate ideas†, but not in Plato’s sense of Forms— much more like Descartes’ in argument of the wax. Hume is wrong when he claims the concept of self is unsupported by senses, and thus bogus. Rather, the experiencing self is a pre-condition for having any experience at all (Descartes was right). Hume is wrong when he says the notion that the future will resemble the past is due only to â€Å"custom and habit†. That notion is a SAP; we couldn’t have ordinary experience without it. Hume is wrong when he says the source of morality is feeling. Morality, properly understood, provides the key to linking the noumenal and phenomenal worlds. Kant argues that if morality is real, then human freedom is real, and therefore humans are not merely creatures of the phenomenal world (not merely things subject to laws). Ramifications of Kant’s Views Kant revolutionized philosophy. Kant showed that the mind, through its innate categories, constructs our experience along certain lines (space, time, causality, self, etc. ). Thus, thinking and experiencing give no access to things as they really are. We can think as hard as we like, but we will never escape the innate constraints of our minds. Kant forced philosophy to look seriously at the world for the agent (what Kant calls the phenomenal world) independently of the real world outside consciousness – the world in itself (the noumenal world). Ethics had long recognized the importance for moral evaluation of â€Å"how things seem to the agent. † But the ramifications of Kant’s noumenal-phenomenal distinction extend far beyond ethics. Philosophers like to take credit for all the big events in 19th century intellectual history as direct consequences of Kant’s philosophical legitimizing of the perspective of the subject: Hegel and German idealism, Darwinism, Romanticism, pragmatism, Marxism, the triumph of utilitarianism, Nietzsche, and the establishment of psychology as a science, especially Gestalt psychology. Phenomena and NoumenaHaving seen Kant’s transcendental deduction of the categories as pure concepts of the understanding applicable a priori to every possible experience, we might naturally wish to ask the further question whether these regulative principles are really true. Are there substances? Does every event have a cause? Do all things interact? Given that we must suppose them in order to have any experience, do they obtain in the world itself? To these further questions, Kant firmly refused to offer any answer. According to Kant, it is vital always to distinguish between the distinct realms of phenomena and noumena. Phenomena are the appearances, which constitute the our experience; noumena are the (presumed) things themselves, which constitute reality. All of our synthetic a priori judgments apply only to the phenomenal realm, not the noumenal. (It is only at this level, with respect to what we can experience, that we are justified in imposing the structure of our concepts onto the objects of our knowledge. ) Since the thing in itself (Ding an sich) would by definition be entirely independent of our experience of it, we are utterly ignorant of the noumenal realm. Thus, on Kant’s view, the most fundamental laws of nature, like the truths of mathematics, are knowable precisely because they make no effort to describe the world as it really is but rather prescribe the structure of the world as we experience it. By applying the pure forms of sensible intuition and the pure concepts of the understanding, we achieve a systematic view of the phenomenal realm but learn nothing of the noumenal realm. Math and science are certainly true of the phenomena; only metaphysics claims to instruct us about the noumena. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).